Wikipedia provides this excellent graphic to help explain how you can determine where the fault is in a very long cable.

Time delay reflectometry is a clever trick where you can calculate the location of an imperfection in a conductor by timing when the “bounce” returns, as long as you know the speed of signal propagation in the wire (which you generally do).

The impedance of the discontinuity can be determined from the amplitude of the reflected signal. The distance to the reflecting impedance can also be determined from the time that a pulse takes to return. The limitation of this method is the minimum system rise time. The total rise time consists of the combined rise time of the driving pulse and that of the oscilloscope that monitors the reflections.

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Plumbers will note that the behaviour of the electric flow here is analogous to water hammer. I think it should be possible to find the distance to an obstruction in a pipe as a TDR calculation, as long as you know how compressible the fluid medium is.